The Cooley-Tukey algorithm reduces the calculation time by several orders of magnitude when compared to the classical Fourier transform [18]. Fast. In this present chapter, the Fourier transform spectroscopic techniques discussed in the chapter and their important physical principles will be described, that is, Fourier transform spectroscopy, such as Fourier transform visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), Fourier transform infrared-photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS), Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FTIR imaging), and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). How? In this part of the chapter, the Fourier transform visible spectroscopy of commercial quantum dots is briefly presented [3]. Each of Figures 2–4 displays a Fourier transform spectrum which shows the manner in which the QDs are irradiated by the light from a NdYAG@355 nm laser or from a luminescent diode (λ = 480 nm). More exactly, there are some recent studies that show the usefulness of FTIR-PAS technique for the identification of corn kernels infected with fungi Fusarium moniliforme and Aspergillus flavus [44]. An FTIR spectrometer simultaneously collects high-resolution spectral data over a wide spectral range. This book is intended for 例文検索の条件設定 「カテゴリ」「情報源」を複数指定しての検索が可能になりました。（ プレミアム会員 限定） The tensile stress nitride film 15 is configured so that the N-H peak area ratio to the Si-H peak area falls in a range of 2.5 to 2.7 when the Si-H peak area and the N-H peak area are obtained by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). Gebbie improved the Michelson interferometer equipment for molecular spectroscopy used to study the experiments on ozone and in the upper atmosphere. This chapter focuses on the application of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the quantitative analysis of foods. Eq. The characterization of QD dimension with the help of the FTVS is important in their preparation procedures and their applications. It should be pointed that unlike other studies the obtained empirical formulae refer to the whole core-shell QD diameter and comprise both the thickness of CdSe hard-core and the thickness of ZnS shell. Since then, FTIR spectroscopy has been proved to be a preferred and a valuable tool for characterization and for differentiation of microorganisms. In addition to the research results mentioned above, a relevant biological application of CdSe/ZnS core-shell QDs as microbial labeling both for pure cultures of cyanobacteria (SynechocystisPCC 6803) and for mixed cultures of phototrophic and heterotrophic microorganism was presented in the same paper [3]. These spectroscopic methods that use the FT are considered FTS. [4], the relationship between the QD size and its calculated fluorescence average wavelength of corresponding Fourier transform spectrum is discussed. Figure 5 presents five Fourier transform spectra obtained in the case of a probe of 0520 Evidot suspension with the concentration 23 ml QDs in 3 ml toluene in a quartz container for the following values of the energy emitted by the laser: 1, 3, 8, 18, and 25 mJ, respectively [3]. Fast Get Free Fourier Transform Textbook and unlimited access to our library by created an account. By Mihály Dobróka, Hajnalka Szegedi and Péter Vass. Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy has been extensively used as a potent, fast and non-destructive procedure for analyzing cell wall architectures, with the capacity to provide abundant information about their polymers, functional groups, and in muroentanglement. フィンガープリント 「Asynchronous pulsed-laser-excited Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy and its applications」の研究トピックを掘り下げます。これらがまとまってユニークなフィンガープリント … © 2017 The Author(s). The interference image, which is formed at the output of the device, is recorded with the help of a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector array. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy represents a fundamental and a reliable technique, with many potential useful applications in the area of biology and medicine, thanks to its nonperturbative and highly sensitive features. ... Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Asynchronous pulsed-laser-excited Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy and its applications'. The FT has long been proved to be extremely useful as applied to spectroscopy in all research fields which require high resolution and high wavelength accuracy and broad tunability. [4], it has been proved that FTVS is a simple, rapid, and efficacious technique for the size evaluation of the core-shell QDs. Conventional plating, biochemical, and serological tests represent traditional techniques that have several stages and that can last a long period of time until the obtaining of the confirmatory results. Applications | Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy is often used to characterize the structure and temperature-dependent performance of materials including liquids, solids, gases, and thin films. The fitting functions of the curves (a)–(c) from Figure 6 were built by utilization of the interpolating polynomials from Mathematica software. Applications to laboratory spectroscopy and to sensing. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, which is a non-invasive physical method, has received attention for investigation of bio- molecules and for understanding … Basics of Fourier Transform Applied to NMR Spectroscopy: An Interactive Open-Source Web Application | Journal of Chemical Education The Fourier transformation (FT) is a mathematical process frequently encountered by chemistry students. Therefore, the infrared spectra of solid or liquid samples in their native state are obtained by combining ATR with FTIR [36, 37]. Fourier-transform spectroscopy: new methods and applications: introduction by the feature editors. The application of a new Fourier transform technique to magnetic resonance spectroscopy is explored. Applications of FT-IR spectroscopy to aqueous solutions, circular internal reflection, samples with low transmission, diffuse reflectance, photoacoustic spectroscopy, infrared emission, and the infrared microscope. Fourier transform (FT) represents one of the oldest and the most powerful analytical tools in many fields such as applied mathematics, physical sciences, and engineering. The history of the field of the FTS shows the great utility of this promising and strongly developed instrument. Soils are heterogeneous on different scales: in the landscape they are heterogeneous both horizontally and verticall… Figure 2 shows the Fourier transform spectra of the 0490 Evidot fluid, for two situations. Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology and involves the programs for the application of newly emerging nanotechnologies to molecular processes at the cellular level. The sample absorbs at discrete IR frequencies which leads to the attenuation of the incident IR light. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) represents one of the most advanced and complex techniques of mass analysis and detection. Five presented smoothed Fourier transform spectra for the case of increasing values of the laser energy. In order to increase the transdermal drug transport, LLC-GEN was coupled with electroporation (EP). It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Fourier-transform spectroscopy is presently a well-established technique that provides highly resolved spectral measurements in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet ranges. The calculation of the average wavelengths from each emission peak of the spectra of QDs for two excitation sources was reported [3, 4]. ECD combined with FTIR-MS represents a powerful and useful technique in proteomic studies. The schematic diagram of the fluorescent emission spectroscopy system [3]. We are IntechOpen, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books. The most common use is in the identification of unknown materials and confirmation of production materials (incoming or outgoing). CID and IRMPD generate the dissociation of the peptides by breaking the backbone amide linkages [55]. Recently, by coupling the FTIR techniques with imaging methods, a correlation of the biochemical information such as protein misfolding and metal homeostasis was reached, which has resulted in understanding of the mechanism of the neurodegenerative protein misfolding disease including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and multiple sclerosis [46, 38]. The FTIR-ATR method is among characterization techniques of surfaces used to investigate new properties of the nanomaterials for various biomedical applications including the implant applications. An important device to achieve a series of applications is the engineered nanoparticles [2]. The spectrum produced in this way, which is peculiar for the biological material exposed to radiation in this method, represents a “molecular fingerprint.” More exactly, the biological materials such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, biomembranes, animal tissues, microbial cells, plants, and clinical samples posses unique structures leading to the obtaining spectral fingerprints according to their functional groups, bends, and molecular structure [22]. FTS is a well-known spectroscopic method where interferograms are collected based on measurements of the coherence of an electromagnetic radiation source in time domain or space domain and converted into the frequency domain through FT. A Fourier transform spectrometer is a Michelson interferometer invented by Albert A. Michelson in 1880 [9] with a moving mirror at one arm. or other type of radiation. The development of FT techniques pushed the utilization of the spectroscopic methods dramatically. ÈyÊl$>&«'•Ûi’ÜK•»ÛGZáyQM¸7ÃÕ@r§Þf\Ô1ك27Æ퇈„7²z“cV¦P.øáQÿxVÒÃÞaQzµí½tÙ¶÷¶ÔÚ'$Ǔ„ˆ1ŒŽVC$­CèT•6L •(Œ'›+€š &§N£jïÿœÍë“9žŸ’sƒa”qá`»ÇQx°x´-›õ¢û,]áB±JQˆ® DJϸ´l¯%3g¹y. The potential of the FTIR method combined with photoacoustic spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) was exploited for the applications in the detection of the fungi and the mycotoxins which represent a severe cause of food poisoning in humans and animals. Their group developed the asymmetric Fourier transform spectroscopy technique for the measurement of the refractive indices of gases, liquids, and solids [16]. In Figure 6, a triplet of the fitting curves of the QD size with their emission wavelength is represented. The method consists of applying a sequence of short rf pulses to the sample to be investigated and Fourier‐transforming the response of the system. The QDs have the dimensions in the domain of (3–5) nm and the emission in the range (490–600) nm. These enhanced spectroscopic methods in their modern form represent an important area of research with various applications in diverse fields of science and industry. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers. (2) and (3), DCdSe/ZnS (nm) denotes the diameter of the core-shell QDs and λeb, λec(nm) represent the values of the fluorescence average wavelengths, calculated from each emission peak of the Fourier transform spectra for those two excitation sources that were used [3, 4]. The Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTS) Meeting focuses on the latest advances in instrumentation and applications of FTS to astronomy and astrophysics, atmospheric science and remote sensing, laboratory spectroscopy, analytical chemistry, bio … Nanobiology, as an area of study, represents the fusion of the biological research with the nanotechnologies such as nanodevices and nanoparticles. In this research, the empirical equations that fit these dependences aiming to elaborate a simple and trustworthy technique for the determination of the dimension of QDs, besides conventional techniques, were obtained. The experimental setup comprised the sources of excitation (a blue or a UV source), the sample (QD) containing quantum dots, the optical fiber (OF) that transmits the fluorescence signal, and the Fourier transform spectrometer which is acted by a computer [3]. Fourier Transform Download and Read online Fourier Transform ebooks in PDF, epub, Tuebl Mobi, Kindle Book. Fourier transform spectroscopy is a measurement technique whereby spectra are collected based on measurements of the temporal coherence of a radiative source, using time-domain measurements of the electromagnetic radiation or other type of radiation. However, it remains an automated background process perceived by many students as difficult to understand. This investigation method proposed in [4] helps to estimate the dimensions of core-shell CdSe/ZnS QDs of a certain type and their fluorescence features which are determined by the wavelength of each peak of fluorescence. An asynchronous pulsed-laser-excited Fourier transform Raman spectrophotometer based on a conventional continuous-scan interferometer has been developed. FTS can be applied to a broad diversity of kinds of spectroscopy such as Fourier transform visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance, Fourier transform infrared-photoacoustic spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. email: nferrer@ccit.ub.edu Abstract.This FTIR methods combined with various chemometric analyses procedures [28–30] can be applied to the field of medical applications, pharmaceutical industry, and food microbiology, comprising the detection of bacteria from culture and food, discrimination between various microbial species and strains, classification of a diversity of microorganisms at genus, species, and subspecies levels, bacteria viability analysis, characterization growth-dependent phenomena and cell-drug interactions, investigation in situ intracellular components or structures such as inclusion bodies (IBs), storage materials, or endospores [31]. The advanced spectroscopic techniques of FTS, such as Fourier transform visible spectroscopy (FTVS), Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), Fourier transform infrared-photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS), Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FTIR imaging), and their biomedical applications are described. Electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FTICR-MS) represents an emerging method which helps to analyze the biological macromolecules, like in the case of the investigation of non-covalent interactions of proteins [52]. Also, FTIR is a suitable and a well-established standard technique utilized to study nanoparticles coupled with molecules in order to use them for drug delivery systems, for targeting strategy, or for bioimaging scopes [24]. This chapter reviews some recent spectral applications of the Fourier transform techniques as they are applied in spectroscopy. Using FTVS, the emission properties of four kinds of CdSe/ZnS core-shell QDs (0490, 0520, 0560, and 0600 Evidot fluids) were analyzed and were evaluated [3, 4]. The FTIR spectra furnish highly accurate spectroscopic fingerprints of microbial strains permitting a rapid and reliable identification at both species and subspecies level [28]. The applications of infrared spectroscopy to pharmaceutical sciences is small compared to the applications of infrared spectroscopy to the fields of chemistry, biology, and biochemistry. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. In Figure 4, the Fourier transform spectra of the 0600 Evidot are shown. In this sense, an FTS system able to evaluate optical properties of the CdSe/ZnS core-shell QDs, produced by Evident Technologies, is presented. Electron capture dissociation (ECD) represents a relatively new technique used for the analysis of peptides and proteins and is a method utilized for inducing fragmentation in FTIR-MS [50]. Using this instrument, Michelson elaborated the fundamental techniques of FTS [10, 11]. Among many other various products of nanotechnology, semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots are useful for biomedical research and applications. Only the significant historical data for the development of the FTS technique were presented here. Submitted: April 14th 2016Reviewed: October 26th 2016Published: February 8th 2017, Home > Books > Fourier Transforms - High-tech Application and Current Trends. Traub WA, Winkel RJ Jr, Goldman A. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR spectroscopy) covers a wide range of chemical applications, especially for polymers and organic compounds. In this sense, in order to investigate the interactions of nanomaterials with biological systems such as proteins, FTIR-ATR is used to provide information about the changes in the surface chemistry after certain nanotechnology-based chemical or physical after treatments are applied with the aim of the contribution to the regeneration of the different tissues (such as those of bone, cartilage, vascular, and neural systems) [42, 43]. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy : applications to chemical systems / edited by John R. Ferraro and Louis J. Basile 資料種別: 図書 出版情報: A Survey of Infrared Spectral Data Processing Techniques / … The applications of this area of nanoscience include drug delivery, both in vitro and in vivo diagnostics, nutraceuticals, and production of biocompatible materials. *Address all correspondence to: anca_armaselu@yahoo.com, Fourier Transforms - High-tech Application and Current Trends, Edited by Goran S. Nikolic, Milorad D. Cakic and Dragan J. Cvetkovic. A special attention has been paid to the description of the FTVS method of commercial quantum dots like an innovative and reliable technique used in the field of nanobiotechnology. The advantages of the FT spectrometers that are superior to the prism and grating ones are well known. In 1954, the French mathematician Laurent Schwartz introduced a new theory of generalized functions named distributions, using the extension of Fourier transform in the study of the tempered distributions [7]. Tukey represented an important date for Fourier spectroscopy. Gibbs, and H.A. The height of the main peaks grows and the main fluorescence band considerably broadens with the increasing of the values of the laser energy [3]. Some relationships between the QD size and its corresponding fluorescence average wavelength, calculated from each emission peak of the Fourier transform spectrum, are discussed in this study [4]. So, by the use of ARCspectroHT-HR Fourier transform spectrometer (ARCOPTIX S.A. Switzerland), the fluorescence spectra of QDs for two excitation sources (a UV laser and a blue LED) are discussed [3]. In Ref. More exactly, the work concerns an overview of the current status, of the recent achievements in FTS spectroscopy, and some selected new applications of FTS in the medical, biological, and biomedical fields, with the emphasis on the own work done by the author of this chapter. Fourier-transform spectroscopy is a measurement technique whereby spectra are collected based on measurements of the coherence of a radiative source, using time-domain or space-domain measurements of the electromagnetic radiation or other type of radiation. Such a method, which assists at the evaluation of the diameter of commercial CdSe/ZnS core-shell QDs, is FTVS technique. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. FTIR spectroscopic method analyzes the wavelength of the light absorbed by the probe at certain vibrational frequencies. FTIR spectra reveal the composition of solids, liquids, and gases. So, in Ref. Discrete Fourier Transforms Fast Fourier Transforms Laplace and Other Integral Transforms II SPECTRAL APPLICATIONS: Fourier Transform Spectroscopy Fourier Transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectrometry Applications of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to Pharmaceutical Preparations Expert Opin Drug Deliv. Based on the research results published by some authors, the feasibility of FTIR for identification of Candida, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, and Geotrichum isolated from humans and animals [33–35] has been proved. Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman Characterization of Silica-Based Materials, Applications of Molecular Spectroscopy to Current Research in the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Mark T. Stauffer, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772 The main purpose of this chapter is to provide a modern review about the recent advances on FTS technique with a wide range of medical, biological, and biomedical applications. FTS is an analytic spectroscopic method with applications in astronomy, physics, physical chemistry, chemistry, chemical engineering, optics, biology, medicine, and nanotechnology. In this section, several important aspects of previous research studies of the author of this chapter regarding the investigation of the optical properties of QDs and their role as fluorescent probes for different biological and medical applications using an FTVS system that helps to study the spectral characteristics of the fluorescence emission have been revised. Sizing curves for CdSe/ZnS core-shell QDs. This chapter begins with a short history about FTS, followed by a description of the theoretical background of FTS with emphasis of some remarkable new results of the research of the quantum dots (QDs) based on Fourier transform visible spectroscopy (FTVS). Solid lines (a–c) represent the fitting curves illustrated by Eqs. Licensee IntechOpen. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities. The use of FTVS methodology for the size determination of CdSe/ZnS core-shell QDs can be easily extended to other types of QDs. Recent results [40, 41] have shown that using FTIR-ATR technique helps to discover new ways for the improvement of the transdermal transport of a lyotropic liquid crystal genistein-based formulation (LLC-GEN). PDF | On Jun 13, 2020, Susheel Gulati published FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate An overview about Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTS) used like a powerful and sensitive tool in medical, biological, and biomedical analysis is provided. After James Clerk Maxwell found the equations of the electromagnetic field in 1873, the use of Fourier analysis became crucial for the study of the electromagnetic waves and their harmonic components [6]. One-Dimensional Fourier Transform Spectroscopy A major improvement in the signal-to-noise ra- tio of NMR spectra was achieved in 1964 by the conception of Fourier transform (FT) spectroscopy. By Rieppo J., Rieppo L., Saarakkala S. and Jurvelin J.S. FTICR-MS is a powerful tool which can be utilized to find masses with high accuracy. For the Fourier transform spectra of the 0520 Evidot, it was observed that for UV laser excitation, the average fluorescence wavelength was 510 nm, while for the excitation with blue LED light, the corresponding average wavelength of fluorescence was calculated at 525 nm [4]. Pulsed Fourier Transform Spectroscopy In a given strong external magnetic field, each structurally distinct set of hydrogens in a molecule has a characteristic resonance frequency, just as each tubular chime in percussion instrument has a characteristic frequency. The Fourier transform spectra of the 0560 Evidot in Figure 3 illustrate that for the illumination with laser light, the average fluorescence wavelength was 572 nm and for the excitation with blue LED light, the corresponding average wavelength of fluorescence was the 588 nm [3]. When applying ECD fragmentation technique, co- and post-translational modifications within the peptide and protein sequence are maintained, as opposed to the using of those two methods, namely CID and IRMPD, which may provoke dissociation of post-translational modifications [55]. It benefits from a large radiant throughput, a feature also known as the é tendue advantage ( Jacquinot, 1954 ), which allows to efficiently collect light from spatially extended light sources with weak radiation. In Eqs. Another significant research direction in this review, which must be mentioned in this study, is the discovery of some fast and reliable methods for the determination of the QD size. The Fourier transform spectra of QDs were studied using the experimental device shown in Figure 1. Because of the fact that FTIR techniques produce biochemical fingerprints of bacteria in a short period of time, there is therefore an encouragingly large goal for study on the use of FTIR spectroscopy in the area of food microbiology. Particularly, Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTS) has become an innovative, powerful, and extra sensitive method to study biologically important systems, varying from simple molecules to highly complex samples such as living cells and tissues. Laboratory spectroscopy: advanced light sources and measurement techniques for Fourier transform spectrometers. Spain. Our team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. This chapter represents a reference review for Fourier transform methods as they are applied in spectroscopy. Many applications of FTICR-MS utilize the mass accuracy like a very important parameter in order to find the composition of the molecules based on accurate mass. So, FT methods have long been proved to be extremely useful in all fields of science and technology, such as radio-astronomy, seismology, spectroscopy crystallography, medical image processing, and signal analysis techniques. In what follows, the power of the Fourier transforms is illustrated through new spectral applications in medicine, biological, and biomedical areas. When the probe was irradiated with the laser light, the average value of the emitted light was 614 nm and in the case of the blue LED the average wavelength was 634 nm [3]. The second situation presents the case where the fluorescence wavelength, which corresponds to a maximal value of the intensity, has the value of 511 nm, when the sample is illuminated with a luminescent diode (λ = 480 nm) [3]. Forman published a paper that treats the implementation of the FFT algorithm in Fourier spectroscopy [19]. Absorption and Transmission Spectroscopy (UV, Visible, NIR) Cathodoluminescence (CL, CLUE) Chemiluminescence Fluorescence Spectroscopy Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Non-Dispersive Infrared Dr. Eberhard Breitmaier Chemisches Institut der Universität 74 Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 33 (Germany) The FTIR-attenuated total reflection technique is based on the interaction between IR light and an absorbing sample at its interface. Due to the quantum confinement effect, QDs are semiconductor nanocrystals which exhibit significant optical characteristics such as high photostability, fluorescence properties with broad absorption spectra, size-dependent narrow emission spectra, and slow excited-state decay rates, thus leading to major breakthroughs in microbiology, molecular and cell biology, and medical diagnostics [20–22]. Chamberlain, J.E. [53, 54] the improvement of the overlap of ion, photon, and electron beams in the ICR ion trap is reported, using the compressed hollow electron beam injection technique. Contact our London head office or media team here. The measurements required for FTVS method were made by means of the ARCspectro HT-HR (ARCOPTIX S.A. Switzerland) Fourier transform spectrometer. Drs. The ARCspectro HT-HR shows the extraordinary advantage which is given by the fact that the high luminosity of the system is (50–100) times greater than a grating one. In the form of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, biophysical questions addressing the function of rather complex biomolecules such as lipids, enzymes, or membrane proteins have been successfully answered. Among many other various products of nanotechnology, QDs are suitable to be used in various biological and biomedical researches as the next-generation fluorescent probes for detection and imaging applications. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? The reference list contains both historical and extensive analysis works together with the articles that describe several key breakthroughs in the mentioned areas of interest. First situation treats the case of the enlightenment the probe with the laser light from an NdYAG@355 nm, obtaining the fact that the maximum of the peak intensity corresponds to an average wavelength calculated at 500 nm. Spectral data over a wide spectral range, most importantly, scientific progression ( EP ) us... Expert Opin Drug Deliv Mobi, Kindle book fluorescence average wavelength of corresponding Fourier transform interferometry ( FT-IR.. Use is in the case of increasing values of the researchers before the business interests of.... Is the engineered nanoparticles [ 2 ] arcspectro HT-HR ( ARCOPTIX S.A. Switzerland ) a! 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