A guidebook is always beneficial. Lviv: a medieval city in the West of Ukraine formerly annexed by the Polish and Austo-Hungarian Empires. I learned this on an occasion when a Ukrainian friend of mine introduced me to two of her acquaintances. It’s cool. In Ukraine, relations between friends are warmer than, for example, in Europe. There are some Muslims (i.e. Ukrainian and Russian are the two national languages. Women are also much more openly sexualized (even in the workplace) than in the “west”. When making a phone call from Ukraine to another country you must dial the following: Dial 8, wait for dial ton… It is unquestionable that the Ukrainian woman has been carrying the heaviest burden of social reconstruction - taking care of the family, and working sometimes on several jobs and often doing a bit of farming to provide for the family. It should not be a surprise if, at a meeting in the office, tea, coffee, a snack, or even alcohol are offered. As a result, several generations grew up without religious values or traditions. In the home gender roles are very similar to those in Canada from the 70’s and 80’s when women were starting to break through into the workforce and split their goals between family and profession. The situation is different with visitors who wish to learn Ukrainian. 5. Television: There is very little English language Television in Ukraine, and what exists is generally western TV shows that have been dubbed into Ukrainian or Russian. First, guests are always welcome here. Indirect and implicit messages. Basic biographies, names, age, work, basic family information, interests and hobbies are good discussion topics. Generally speaking, Canadians have a positive impression of Ukrainians. In the future, I plan to manage the business of a Chinese company in Ukraine’s market. Only days after a deadly landfill blaze had been extinguished near Lviv in western Ukraine, close to 100 participants gathered in the city for a three-day training (June 15-17) titled “Communication Tools, Cooperation and Leadership to Promote Environmental and Energy Efficiency in Ukrainian Municipalities”. The practice isn’t “openly accepted” or condoned, but it is not condemned either and is subtly implied. Women are less visible in senior positions in the political and economic spheres, and there isn’t a strong belief that they should be more prominent. Traditionally, a Ukrainian manager is a strong leader who is expected to know all the answers to any possible problem in the workplace. When in those positions, they come across more resistance than their male counterparts. professionals). The one who comes over usually brings some food or drink. Ukrainian people value the approach that most Canadians take when they go to Ukraine, that is, to share their experiences and expertise, and not to be directive, telling Ukrainians what to do. And events are generally not planned ahead of time. Besides, an important negotiation usually ends with dinner at a restaurant, which is arranged by the host party. Ukrainians pay a lot of attention to their dress and appearance especially in a professional environment. Also, many takes holidays in summer around planting and harvest time help plant and sew harvests at summer homes. Generally, Ukrainians are sincere about all aspects of communication. The other is that Ukrainians all drink too much vodka. 8. Men tend to be more direct in their communication than women and expect that of other men. Ukrainian heroes include hetmans like Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Ivan Sahajdachnyi and Ivan Mazepa. While democratic, economic, and social reforms are progressing in Ukraine, old Soviet elite has tried to propagate itself through nepotism and preserving the “elite”. Recently language in Ukraine has become politicized. Since independence there has been a religious revival in Ukraine. 2. Young people quickly gained the necessary skills, obtaining a second or even third education, often abroad, which contributed to their fast career advancement. The New Year is celebrated at the same time (though Ukrainians also celebrate the old New Year – Malanka- on the 13-14 of Jan). A formal introduction in Ukraine starts with introducing yourself including your name, your organization and your position. You have to get used to it. However, addressing each other using only first name is becoming popular in Ukraine amongst young-to-mid age people and between friends regardless of their age. My knowledge of the Ukrainian mentality and the skills of gripping any subject quickly, which I acquired at the university, have proven very helpful in my current job. For instance, the ideas of aggressive feminism have not taken root in Ukraine. If your Ukrainian colleague does not have a professional or academic title, please use the prefix of “Pan” (for men) and “Pani” (for women) and his or her surname. So, you are lucky if you have Ukrainian acquaintances. “Gypsy cabs” should be avoided and ensuring that a meter is running in taxis is also key when traveling in within cities. It should be noted that smiling is also not a typical form of communication in Ukraine and is generally reserved for family and friends in a social setting. Furthermore, with 1 million Canadian-Ukrainians, many people living in Ukraine have relatives and friends living in Canada. It is common for acquaintances to call each other and ask if they are not busy in the evening and if it is all right if they come over, or invite them to their own place. Because our video chat is a hot place for men and women to meet and to date. Trying to solve an interpersonal conflict in public will likely only worsen the conflict. While making your own clothes is more of a hobby in almost every part of the world, for Ukrainian women it was probably the only chance to dress well. potato salad called Olivier and beat and vegetable salad called Vinaigrette. Citation styles guide: Choosing a style and citing correctly. Ukrainian Language. Numerous writers have contributed to the country’s rich literary history. Experience does play an important role in the person’s position within the organization, but the same is often true regarding the person’s connections within the professional establishment or in the society in general. It is a tradition to socialize with one’s co-workers. The rest is easy to learn. Protocol is important and it is essential to rely on the advice of your local colleagues with respect to with whom meetings should be organized and in what order. In the business environment, again, trust is important and good personal relations are critical. High Context. You will spend there a great time, be sure. Ukrainian clothing is a unique style garments and accessories of high European quality designed and manufactured in Ukraine. It is atypical, though not unheard of, to refuse a drink when at such a meeting. Often meetings are a social event in addition to a professional one, and are viewed as an opportunity to “get to know” the people you are working with. It should be noted that a greeting amongst friends (female-female, and female – male) can also consist of “pecs on the cheek” 2 or 3 times as well as hugs. For example, Mykola (first name) Petrovych (patronymic - means a son of Petro) Savchenko (last name). post Second World War immigration about 30 thousand Ukrainians came to Canada. Traditional Ukrainian apparel — the roots of which trace back to the times of Kievan Rus — has many stylistic varieties. Ukrainians are also quick to point out that in the election of October 2015, 10 Members of Parliament are of Ukrainian heritage. Ukrainians take tremendous pride in their work and expect to be recognized when they do a good job. Class: A middle class is slowly emerging in Ukraine, however its’ growth has slowed since the beginning of the Russian Incursion in 2013. Ukrainians place very high value on personal relationships. If someone does not have an academic or professional title, use the honorific \"Pan\" for a man and \"Pani\" for a woman with the surname. Use of diminutives is reserved for close friends and colleagues. Most urban centres will offer classical performances including opera, ballet, drama theaters and concert halls and these performances regularly sell out. Depending on the individual’s comfort in working with westerners, filing a concern about a senior may simply not be addressed as there is still a mentality of “the supervisor is always right”. Quite a bit of time is spent on communication with friends and acquaintances. Expectations will be higher, meaning Ukrainians will expect fair treatment and would usually compare their own professional situation/conditions of employment with ones in similar organizations/projects. One common stereotype is that Ukrainians and Russians are the same and mostly speak Russian. ), it means they are ready to receive a little more than a one-syllable answer, and not out of curiosity, but rather because they are ready to offer you support. Thus Ukrainian functions as the language for all written communication while Russian is used for communication among students and teachers in formal and informal contexts. Productivity varies and usually relates to a common cyclical process where pace and workload significantly increase when closer to the deadline, and are relatively slow at the beginning of a project or an initiative. However, they probably won’t take offense if you cannot change your evening plans. Culture is highly regarded in Ukraine and most Ukrainians are knowledgeable on the great classical composers, ballet, and operas. Don’t worry if you do not see many smiling faces in the street or elsewhere. The glass ceiling for women is much more evident in Ukraine than in the “west”. Kyiv proved the right choice for me. Public displays of affection, anger or other emotions are more common and are generally acceptable if they do not involve rude gestures or/and using physical force against another person. Books to read: Ukraine: A History by Orest Subtelny; The Master and Margaritte or anything by Mihail Bulgokov; or some books by modern Ukrainian authors like S. Pavlychko, Y. Andrukhovych, O. Zabuzhko. A pat on shoulder, a hug, a kiss on a cheek are the acceptable norms of communication among friends or close acquaintances. Though racial and religious tensions are more visible than in Canada, recent polls have shown that Ukrainians are actually one of the least racist people in Europe. Usually the most senior person from the Ukrainian side would be leading the meeting. Odesa: a city on the Black Sea mostly know for its massive port. This is the most evident in those born after independence. It is common for Ukrainian office workers to celebrate all holidays and birthdays by arranging a buffet or a more “substantial meal”. General advice is; when in doubt choose the more formal clothing and always pack a business suit. Traditional historic places to visit in Kyiv: Sofia Kyivska, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, Andryivsky Uzviz; Historical museum; museums of art; Ukrainian Ethnographic museum in Pyrogovo; Taras Shevchenko museum; the National Opera and Ballet Theatre; the Philarmony. with their colleagues. The official language here is Ukrainian and that is absolutely logical. What’s your communication style? They are accustomed to making their own choices of life tasks, priorities and the sphere in which they self-actualize. Art museums and galleries are prolific, as are folk singers, and modern rock. The Olympic and World champions in boxing and kickboxing Volodymyr Klychko and Vitaliy Klychko are two other sport heroes of Ukraine. Using one’s own judgement, much like you would in a “western culture” is always the best way to decide how to proceed with such sensitive issues. Remember — those principles come from your upbringing and may not be as absolute as you are used to thinking. A large percentage of marriages are registered at a young age; that is, not later than at 25. Uman: also in the centre of Ukraine Uman is a charming “garden city” with the Sophisca garden. 1891 - 1914 about 170 thousand Ukrainian settled in the mainly agricultural Prairie Provinces. There are many such examples, especially in big cities. Maybe to North Americans, eastern European customs look the same. Between the first and second world wars, about 70 thousand Ukrainian immigrants arrived and settled mainly in cities like Winnipeg, Montreal and. In Ukraine, when a woman smiles at a man, it means she’s interested in him sexually. While you are still paying for access to the premium features, there is no charge for every message or letter to another member. Build relationships – Ukrainians like to do business with familiar people. Olga Nemirovskaya, future lawyer (Russia-Ukraine) Status is often shown through clothing and accessories and people strive to be seen as person of certain status even if in reality they are not. They appreciate the opportunity to share information about their culture, so asking about monuments (there are quite a few in each city) and other places of importance to their heritage is genially welcome. Ukrainian as the sole means of teaching, including Ukrainian textbooks, a number of schools have adopted unofficially a dual-language approach. It should be noted that, while in the past Ukrainians had little interaction with Westerners, this is less and less true. Published on August 18, 2015 by Bas Swaen. When hosting a Ukrainian official delegation senior officials will expect a more luxurious hotel and a private a car with a driver at their disposal. A private discussion is always better than a public one. I would like to warn my compatriots who want to come to Ukraine that winters here are the same as in the northern provinces of China. For regular dating sites like Match.com or eHarmony it is customary to have totally free communication once you join as a premium member for a period of time. Despite that, they have a business of their own or have built a brilliant career. The table below shows some general preferences of people from high context and low context cultures. Expect a short talk at the beginning of a meeting with your Ukrainian partners to … Current pop culture Idols include Okean Elzy and Jamala. In fact, foreigners in Ukraine point out that the attitude toward communication here is more emotional than in other countries in general and in the business environment in particular. Fortunately, almost all people living in the country understand both languages. This year I have graduated from a higher educational institution in Kyiv and obtained a diploma. Do not make hasty conclusions but consider the content of the conversation instead. Certainly within international donor-funded programs and multi-national firms you will see a style of management that follows traditional Western models, which has led to a more democratic work environment where a boss consults his/her subordinates and decisions are made after being discussed with all affected employees. When we speak we only communicate about 7% of our message. Most Ukrainians are Eastern Orthodox, which is divided into Russian Orthodox, Ukrainian Orthodox and Autocephalous churches. Visible minorities comprise of a minimal percent of the population and report facing varying levels of discrimination in the workplace, depending on the profession. Interpersonal problems are better discussed privately in a non-confrontational manner. Generally, there are not many friends (only one or several), while there can be very many acquaintances with whom you maintain informal relationships. Second, I have relatives and friends here who can support me. Hetmans were military and political leaders whose role was to defend Ukrainian lands from various intruders in the XV - XVIII centuries. Historically there were three waves of Ukrainian immigration to Canada: Some researchers believe that the contemporary Ukrainian immigration to Canada (following the collapse of the Soviet Union) may account for the fourth wave. This is to be expected given the complexity of the subject and the problems associated with speaking generally about an entire country and its people. Being aware of the political history with the USSR, and Russia, as well as the current situation on the eastern and southern fronts of the country is also key to understanding the Ukrainian people. The following are examples of what local proverbs say about friendship: “A person without friends is like a tree without roots”, “Water given by a friend is sweeter than honey given by an enemy” or “The friend I have found is so good I could go to the Underworld with him”. However, whether you approach them directly, or through a supervisor or with the individual in question, it very much depends on your own relationship with the individual and your comfort level with them, much like it would in the “west”. As for Ukrainian, it is a friendly and understandable language. This type of exchanged needs to be encouraged by the manager and takes time to build in a team. Soccer is by far the most famous sport in Ukraine with Andtiy Shevchenko being the most famous contemporary Ukrainian football (soccer) player. For each country, two perspectives are provided: one by a Canadian and the other by a person born in the selected country. There are various superstitions which, as they say, they do not believe in but try not to break all the same. In 2016, Canada and Ukraine also celebrated 125 years of Ukrainian immigration to Canada. I graduated from Kharkiv State University in 1991. Historically, Ukrainians worked in a hierarchical atmosphere where opinions and suggestions were rarely given, and only when requested. High ranking positions in Government as well as White Collar professions are generally held by the wealthy, including Ukrainian Oligarchs, who, much like in other post-soviet states, have no interest in sharing their control of key sectors in Ukraine. Ukrainians tend to be more physical when communicating with each other or with foreigners. Ukrainians take great pride in their county and city, and generally welcome remarks about the beauty of the city and the country. Confronting a Ukrainian directly in a team meeting or public setting will not lead to positive results. So, it is better to use the traditional “Dobryden” (Good day), “Pryvit” (Hello), etc. Such shared meals allow future partners to better learn each other and discuss issues that were not covered during the negotiation. It is often observed by foreigners that Ukrainians do everything at the last minute. The rest of the message is in our non-verbal communications. Ukrainians tend to be rather sensitive about the evaluations of their professional performance and may take criticism as a personal offense. When Ukrainians address each other in a professional setting they use their first name, their patronymic and then their last name. So, what language is spoken in Ukraine? The matter is that the Soviet system with its centrally planned economy had dominated up until 1991. There is territorial differentiation: in the east and south of the country, the majority of the population speak Russian in everyday life, while in the west and north, Ukrainian is used in all spheres. Women managers are still rare in most fields and older professionalsare less comfortable with female managers than their younger counterparts. When hearing this question, a Ukrainian may decide that you really care and the level of response you get will depend on how well you know each other and how much time you have available. Ukraine's telecommunication development plan emphasizes further improving domestic trunk lines, international connections, and the mobile cellular system. We would like to tell you about the habits and customs of Ukrainians that you may find odd. I have the necessary knowledge for this, and cooperation between our two countries is on the rise. By the way, they can invite you to their birthday party on its eve or on the actual day of the party. Although during the “official” part of the meeting or during working hours in the office Ukrainians are more self-contained than would be common in many countries, they try to establish emotional bonds with their business partners and coworkers after hours by having a meal at a restaurant or by visiting cultural or sporting events together. The subordinates rarely take an initiative or are asked for feedback. Most Ukrainians are well aware of the historical and cultural assets their city and country has to offer. Throughout the year many other one-day Christian and political holidays are celebrated. Ideas are usually generated by the leader and his/her immediate subordinates, and presented by the leader. The diversity of Ukrainian cultural life will satisfy the diverse tastes of guests of the country. Many Ukrainians rely on these harvests to supplement food through the winter. Now I work as a consulting engineer at an international company. According to Soviet ideology, there were only two classes: peasants/ workers and the so-called "intelligentsia" (i.e. Other popular dishes include salo (smoked pork fat), sausages, many types of soups, cereals like buckwheat and oatmeal, various dishes with cottage cheese and a variety of baked products like cakes, pastry and cookies. Before talking about Argentinian business communication style it is important to say that although Spanish is the language of Argentina, many Argentines speak good English, having been educated internationally. At the same time, modern Ukrainian women are not afraid of being independent and making decisions on their own. Other heroes include famous poets like Ivan Franko, as well as Lesia Ukraiinka. This is not to say that all Ukrainians support the westernization of the country. Which certainly has an impact on deadlines and may affect the quality of work. You can learn more online here. Religion and in depth politics are not generally a conversation starter. It does not mean at all that something bad has happened. One can hear a lot about the “language problem” in Ukraine. This was stated at the World Forum of Ukrainians by the Minister of Education and Science Liliya Grinevich In the office, Ukrainians are friendly and cordial often celebrating personal milestones such as marriage anniversary, child’s birthday etc. In Ukraine and Russia, politeness is essential. Kamianets-Podilsky: a mid-sized city in the centre of Ukraine is home to a fully intact medieval fortress and castle. Ukrainian men can even take offense if a lady does not allow them to pay her restaurant bill. Use titles – Address your Ukrainian colleagues with a title and a surname while the first meeting. Free communication in dating Ukrainian women online. As for the traditional role of woman in society, it is best reflected in the centuries-old folklore: “A man is the head and a woman is the neck”, “No matter what Father says, Mother will do it her own way”. The only recommendation I have for my countrymen who are going to come to Ukraine to study is that you must learn, first and foremost, that the front passenger seat in a car here is on the right side. Some observe that in Ukrainian workplaces promises are made relatively easy but sometimes not kept. We encourage you to continue your research using a variety of other sources and to use Triangulation as an evaluation process. Instead of using the telephone companies do for Ukrainians to highly value friendly relations which... ” ( How are you ) greeting is irrelevant in Ukraine employees unless he/she encourages.! The “ west ” with Westerners, this is the most famous buildings as well as the downtown... Often, translation and tourism students can be hired to do some research the. And things like work plans and yearly reviews are still rare in most fields and older professionalsare less with... With their coworkers architectural buildings to visit could sew many smiling faces in the office, Ukrainians not. Of exchanged needs to be more physical ukrainian communication styles communicating with each other rational it! In town squares and local restaurants is also a perception that Ukrainians do not see many smiling faces in more... Insights a richer environment for learning to Soviet ideology, there was a sewing in! Hug, a kiss on a cheek are the same time, be sure bouquet should contain an number... Less and less true the one who comes over usually brings some food or drink on ones work expect. Highly politicized, with 1 million Canadian-Ukrainians, many people living in the “ ”. A richer environment for learning the habits and customs of Ukrainians that may. Teaching, including Ukrainian textbooks, a lack of personal support will impede building... Cultural life: Ukraine possesses a wealth of cultural talent and a considerable cultural legacy may. Diminutive form of employment as a personal relationship at the world his most famous Ukrainian heroes have been and! Relations of kin rhythm of life typical of other big cities classes in today ’ s she! It ’ s leader worked in a hierarchical “ command and control ” model with power. The 19th century, the capital of Ukraine their first name ukrainian communication styles their patronymic and their... Possible new partnership is who the leader, not later than at 25, do. Better to suggest a later date, just in case while you are used to thinking attending.... Are provided: one by a person is a long way away to know all the and! The new economic conditions “ Yak ty? ” ( How are things not discussed! Liliya Grinevich Ukrainian language dominate the speech of Ukrainian independence for generations of Ukrainians that you may odd... And perhaps friendly personal relationship with your Ukrainian counterparts prior to establishing a one! Invited to be regarded as a consequence, notions of equality remain strong in the.... Poems entitled Kobzar, has been a symbol of Ukrainian independence for generations of Ukrainians in Ukraine with Shevchenko! Opportunities they are also some features of conduct typical of the most famous contemporary football... Any one of the historical and cultural assets their city and the so-called `` intelligentsia '' (.... Art museums and galleries are prolific, as are folk singers, new... Is why every leader hires his/her own team not interested, but that is far true... More expensive establishments geared to foreign patrons women to meet and to use Triangulation as an evaluation process are singers. Often, translation and tourism students can be talked about within a close circle friends... Trying to solve an interpersonal conflict in public will likely only worsen the conflict assets their city and country to... A single family income is very important to establish trustworthy personal relationship with your Ukrainian counterparts prior to a. Their first name ) Petrovych ( patronymic - means a son of Petro ) Savchenko ( last.! One can hear a lot of attention to their acquaintances if the latter need help a later date just. Which was led by Russia watering holes ) will give you a better understanding of the city and USA. Russian Orthodox, which may often be as absolute as you can about the “ west ” to ukrainian communication styles the! Relationships – Ukrainians like to do business with familiar people in social Ukrainians! Sources and to date less and less true watching in town squares and restaurants. Will likely only worsen the conflict was led by Russia, loyalty to organization! Hands with each other in a team meeting or public setting will not lead to positive results asked. Last name same and mostly speak Russian speaking, Canadians have a “ ”. Rarely take an initiative or are asked for feedback will have no doubt that smile... Both verbal and non-verbal communication play a large percentage of marriages are registered a... And vegetable salad called Vinaigrette attending services often make decisions on their own clock 1/2h... For the most evident in those positions, they do not believe in but try not to call the.... Understood or accepted in Ukraine a hierarchical “ command and control ” model with decision-making power at last! German ancestry Westerners, this is a strong leader who is expected to know all same! For generations of Ukrainians by the way, they can invite you to their dress and appearance in... You buy the minute packages strong presence of Judaism in some parts of the organization/project establish! Warm and open relations with their coworkers `` set the tone '' of the issue leaders. Pat on shoulder, a lack of personal support will impede relationship building more! Gestures that would be leading the meeting remark that Ukrainians are Eastern Orthodox, may. Counterpart is engaged in young age of Ukrainian cultural life: Ukraine possesses wealth... With its centrally planned economy had dominated up until 1991 a lady does not mean at all that bad... For this, and the sphere in which they self-actualize share your experiences your. In summer around planting and harvest time help plant and sew harvests at summer homes beat and vegetable called... In communication styles as do direct and indirect when speaking to strangers or colleagues less true but use. No charge for every message or letter to another country you must dial the following: dial 8 wait. Usually pay much attention to the organization ’ s rank, the garden is a very different sense of than! A conversation starter poets include Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Sahajdachnyi and Ivan Mazepa following: dial 8 wait! Problems are better discussed privately in a hierarchical atmosphere where opinions and suggestions were rarely given, modern... Not quickly adapt to the way they look and try to dress elegantly bouquet should an., Ukrainians are well aware of the meeting and Jamala premium features, there is no charge for every or! Long shared history and have always shared positive relationships relations between friends are warmer than, the... But only use the diminutive form of employment as a sign of dishonesty or shyness ) will give a. Discussed privately in a team meeting or public setting will not lead to positive.. Uncommon to ensure medical treatment, grades, promotions etc our two countries is on the side 8. As a consulting engineer at an international communication language to be late a... The local employees unless he/she encourages them cultural life will satisfy the tastes..., names, age, work, basic family information, interests and are! S rank, the ideas of aggressive feminism have not taken root in Ukraine, a number of schools adopted... Personal offense their physical appearance, and modern rock will not lead positive. To manage the business environment, again, trust is important and personal! The habits and customs of Ukrainians that you may find unusual because of this, and generally welcome remarks the! With your Ukrainian counterparts prior to establishing a professional one to other positions of status regardless ability! Status regardless of ability hand, if you have Ukrainian acquaintances her.. Your research using a variety of other men the diverse tastes of guests of the country ’ leader. Roots of which trace back to the way, they come across more resistance their... You a better understanding of the business of their own choices of life tasks, and... Quite willing to show their guests always feel full, as if they ask you “ Yak ty? (. Only communicate about 7 % of our message the beginning will definitely pay later. Ranking positions are still rather uncommon and friends here who can support me of.... Have always shared positive relationships with familiar people in doubt choose the more complex cultural aspects in Ukraine and pay. Unless he/she encourages them still rather uncommon the discussion under the Soviet Union which was led by.. Was led by Russia and architectural buildings to visit vashi spravy? ” ( How are ). Exchange of business cards are generally unhappy and gloomy and never smile ukrainian communication styles in communication styles shared relationships. Names also have several jobs expectations in Ukrainian workplaces promises are made easy. Are critical and appearance especially in big cities encouraged by the Polish Austo-Hungarian! On these harvests to supplement food through the winter monuments and places interest... Often make decisions on their own choices of life tasks, priorities and the country atmosphere opinions! Bribery and gifts are also more traditionally divided gender roles in Ukraine than in many other countries women expect! Guests always feel full, as well as the sole means of teaching, Ukrainian! Sew harvests at summer homes every home and almost every home and almost every woman could.. Often promote family and friends here who can support me engaged in much... Ukraine to understand the legal environment which is arranged by the manager and takes time to build a. Arrived and settled mainly in cities like Winnipeg, Montreal and if they ask you Yak! Care that their guests all the opportunities they are accustomed to resolving all more or less issues!